Credits

The profiles in this book were written by undergraduate students as part of the Historical Lens Project. The editor gratefully acknowledges the following contributors, whose research and writing brought these scientists to life. Each profile's authorship — a named student, a student who chose to remain anonymous, or the editors — is credited individually in the Profile Credits that follow.

Bethel Abebe • Muhammad Ahmad • Alzina Aman • Zahra Amin • Josephine Amspaugh • Hajer Anjum • Rayyan Ansari • Claire Arnett • Jai Arora • Sana Aziz • Pranav Babu • Miguel Ballesteros • Mustafa Baryal • Nanaki Preet Bawa • Carolyn Beckel • Caoilainn Bischoff • Emily Bloom • Sophia Bojko • Nathalie Bonilla • Aiden G Boone • Nina Breen • Joshua Bright • Reese Burgener • Lyden Butler • Asfar Chaudhry • Samantha Chen • Allan Cheng • Cody Chhea • Joseph Chokri • Michelle Chuang • Jack Clements • Ben Curulla • Isabella Danner • Britney Danso • Nathan David • Emily Davis • Connor Dean • Naomi Debebe • Hannah Eisiminger • Elijah Ennin • Madina Fayzieva • Kareem Fenaish • Ignacio Lafuente Fernandez • Macabee Flitsanov • Camden Fudala • Jackson Gayeski • Jonathan George • Aidan Glenn • Daniel J Goldberg • Vani Gupta • Selivia Habib • Charlie Haffer • Simona Hagos • Isabel Harris-Rivera • Sibley Hash • Ruby Heitmann • Andrew Huang • Dawnie Huynh • Caroline Hylton • Esha Jain • Robert Bruce Jessen • Katherine Johnson • Samuel Jones • Hilda Joseph • Akhil Kalepalli • Aneta Kaminski • Reese Kennedy • Ashton Khamphavong • Sarah Khan • Bori Kim • Charlene Kim-Aun • Jacob Kirshner • Gabriela Kobak • Nishita Koya • Lillian Krikorian • Kaya Kuhlmeier • Simran Kulkarni • Emily Lam • Nick Larson • Olivia Lasnicki • Katharine Lavayen • Cathy Le • Collin Le • Vincent Lee • Haein Lee • Kaelyn Lewis • Lucy Li • Dongze Li • Kate Liang • Kaylyn Luppino • Morgan Mackey • Nishaan Makim • Samsher Malhi • Catherine Mangione • Nitya Manikonda • Jeric Marcelin • Mylie McDonough • Mei McNally • Fernando Medrano • Fayza Mehrin • Reid Miller • David Minoza • Maha Mirbacha • Mishti Mittal • Mohammad Ali Mobiadeen • Sude Mohac • Natalia Molina • Mariah Morgan • Kiara Morris • Yesenia Mosquera • Symeon Moss • Trisha Nagulagari • Aneesh Naik • Amy Nguyen • Kayli Nguyen • Emma Nickol • Adam Nulty • Peace Nzyoki • Haley Oh • Maicha Olaes • Lauren Opin • Bennett Owen • Sarina Parikh • Lea Patel • Seeya Patel • Raiya Patel • Deeya Patel • Zachary Payne • Connor Pennell • Kami Petrosillo • Julia Porter • Anjali Potu • Dharshini Arun Prakash • Adhira Prasanna • Dade Prince-Shittu • Pratha Ravani • Evelyn Pritchard • Kerstin Quach • Akshara Reddy • Haripriya Reddymachu • Hannah Rowlett • Aimen Sajid • Saniya Sangle • Nicholas Santos • Jadyn Schattner • Caroline Schnebly • Jai Sethi • Shrey Sheth • Maggie Shifflett • Isabel Shim • Ananya Sista • Liam Slocomb • James Koami Sognikin • Lauren Solimano • Akshara Somu • Aidita Sou • Abigail Speth • Susanna Stair • Sloan Stanton • Stella Sui • Gerald Robert Sullivan • Krischal Sutar • Ellerie Tauber • Sydney Tchiong • Claire Thomas • Huu Van Tu • Dua Umar • Ajal Upadhyaya • Valeria Urresty • Joshua VanDoornik • Brian Varghese • Maj Vorsic • Rehaan Wadhwannia • Kelly Wai • Irene Wang • Alexandra Whitehead • Alexandra Williams • Tommy Williams • Kayla Wise • Rachel Woods • Benjamin Wu • Alex Xu • Joanne Yang • Marie Yoon • Noor Zahid • Eisabel Zamora • Abbie Zeller • Nancy Zhang • Kristin Zhang • Catherine Zhou.

Contributing Editors

The following students contributed to the broader research, review, and editorial process of this book:

Ebtesaam Abdul-Qudoos • Afnan Akhand • Dareen Aloudeh • Evan Baker • Miguel Ballesteros • Abbygale Bender • Raj Bhowmic • Kathryn Boerckel • Lily Bui • Leila Carey • Sarah Carroll • Alexandra Cerny • Chloe Chen • Jenny Chen • Jason Chen • Junguhk Elaine Christian • Valerie Coutinho • Davis Curley • Kayla Dixon • Addysen Downey • Mackenzie Elward • Brian Fang • Maya Farley • Nathan Ferns • Carter Fortune • Lucy Friedman • Adriano Georgiev • Diya Ghosh • Emily Giles • Eyram Golo • Mary Gombos • Camyla Gonzalez • Katharine Hall • Hannah Harkins • Joseph Hegenbart • Menna Helal • Catherine Hollingsworth • Anita Hooshangi • Molly Hrisenko • Annabelle Huang • Charlene Huynh • Ashley Hwang • Nina Islam • Robert Bruce Jessen • Rigoberto Escobar Jr • Lauren Kenah • Yebeen Kim • Julian Kim • Andrew Kim • John King • Matthew Konikoff • Lily Krakowski • Sophia Kuzminski • Natalie Ladocsi • Yannise Ladzekpo • Brianna Lazear • Emily Le • Tim Lin • Madeline Livingston • Maxwell Lu • Brandon Madani • Ryan Makarem • Maham Malik • Aarathi Manchikalapudi • Elsabea Martin • Hayden Martin • Arav Mathapati • Carol Melek • Jeet Metu • Isabelle Michalski • Sevda Milani • Sailee Naik • Angelina Navarro • Sarina Nayak • Khang Nguyen • Hailey Nguyen • Bella Nolla • Connor Oakes • Josslyn Owji • Ishan Parikh • Maggie Parkhurst • Rylee Perkins • Lily Phan • Teddy Price • Sophia Qamari • Rebecca Qiu • Amrith Ranjan • Mackayla Raynor • Beall Roberts • Mora Rojas-Hernandez • Maura Saad • Pravleen Saini • Aidan Schaar • Riley Scheffel • Dylan Seoparsan • Assiatu Sesay • Shrey Sheth • Emely Silva-Tejeda • Julia Skinner • Clara Smith • James Koami Sognikin • Riya Soni • Isabel Stackawitz • Anna Stoops • Peyton Streu • Gerald Robert Sullivan • Grace Tadros • Mikael Tefferi • Natalie Torrence • Maddie Tran • Macie Tran • Clarissa Tso • Orchid Tucker • Eva Underwood • Christa Varghese • Leann Vo • Eric Wei • Tommy Williams • Caroline Williams • Adriana Yeiter • Esther Yun • Lena Zaher • Marwa Zaki • Christina Zheng.

Teaching Assistants

This project would not have been possible without the dedication of our teaching assistants, who guided students through the research and writing process, provided feedback on early drafts, and helped maintain quality across hundreds of submissions. Their work behind the scenes was essential.

Graduate Teaching Assistants: Jennie Nguyen, Monika Wieliniec, Megan Garris, Andrew Spira

Undergraduate Teaching Assistants: Emma Guo, Sebastian Moeller Rivera, Annie Zhao, Abhi Kodali, Julia Kim, Alina Alfaro, Philip Friedman, Tanmayi Alaparti, Deetya Gupta, Maggie Flynn, Victoria Hua, Madison Mosely, Autumn Cade Bissett, Hemanya Bhatt, Nasim Abib

Every profile in this book was researched and written by a University of Virginia undergraduate, by a student who asked to remain anonymous, or by the editors. Credits are listed below in the order the profiles appear.

• Jan Baptist van Helmont — by Bethel Abebe
• Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Joseph Priestley, Antoine Lavoisier, & Marie-Anne Paulze Lavoisier — Editor's Profile
• Jöns Jacob Berzelius — by Muhammad Ahmad
• Søren Sørensen — Anonymous Student
• Friedrich Wöhler — Editor's Profile
• Justus von Liebig — Editor's Profile
• Carl Voit — Anonymous Student
• Hermann Kolbe — by Zahra Amin, with the Editors
• Marcellin Berthelot — by Jai Arora
• Louis Pasteur — by Alzina Aman
• Wilhelm Kühne — Anonymous Student
• Eduard Büchner — Anonymous Student
• Arthur Harden, William John Young, & Carl Neuberg — Editor's Profile
• Gustav Embden, Otto Fritz Meyerhof, & Jakub Karol Parnas — Editor's Profile
• Christiaan Eijkman & Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins — by Rachel Woods and Peace Nzyoki
• Elmer McCollum — Anonymous Student
• Lucy Wills — Anonymous Student
• Henrik Dam — by Asfar Chaudhry
• Conrad Elvehjem — by Samantha Chen
• Paul Karrer — by Nina Breen
• Adolf Windaus — by Allan Cheng
• Tadeus Reichstein — Editor's Profile
• Roger Williams — Anonymous Student
• Heinrich Wieland — by Mustafa Baryal
• Rudolf Schoenheimer — Editor's Profile
• Yellapragada SubbaRow — Anonymous Student
• Herman Kalckar — by Joseph Chokri
• Albert Szent-Györgyi — by Aiden G Boone
• Otto Warburg — Editor's Profile
• Hans Krebs — by Caoilainn Bischoff
• Fritz Lipmann — Editor's Profile
• David Keilin — by Reese Burgener
• Carl Cori & Gerty Cori — Editor's Profile
• Sidney Colowick — Anonymous Student
• Luis Federico Leloir — by Nathalie Bonilla
• Albert Lehninger — Anonymous Student
• Peter Mitchell — Anonymous Student
• Paul Boyer & John Walker — Editor's Profile
• Nathan O. Kaplan & Philip Handler — by Nathan David and Britney Danso, with the Editors
• Daniel Arnon — Anonymous Student
• Melvin Calvin, Andrew Benson, & James Bassham — Editor's Profile
• Bessel Kok — by Joshua Bright
• Johann Deisenhofer & Hartmut Michel — Editor's Profile
• Emil Fischer — Editor's Profile
• Franz Hofmeister — by Isabel Shim
• Max Bergmann — by Rayyan Ansari
• William Rose — by Dharshini Arun Prakash
• Frederick Sanger — Editor's Profile
• Anselme Payen — Anonymous Student
• Richard Willstätter — Editor's Profile
• James B. Sumner, John Howard Northrop, & Wendell Meredith Stanley — Editor's Profile
• Victor Henri — Anonymous Student
• Leonor Michaelis & Maud Menten — Editor's Profile
• Stanford Moore & William Stein — by Cody Chhea, with the Editors
• Myron Bender — by Jonathan George
• Daniel Koshland — Anonymous Student
• David Phillips — Anonymous Student
• Arieh Warshel — by Seeya Patel
• Hugo Theorell — by Haripriya Reddymachu
• Douglas Rees — Anonymous Student
• Carl Bosch — Editor's Profile
• Fritz Haber — by the Editors
• Earl Stadtman & Thressa Campbell Stadtman — Anonymous Student
• Edwin Krebs & Edmond Fischer — by Emily Bloom, with the Editors
• Louise Johnson — Anonymous Student
• Archibald Vivian Hill — Anonymous Student
• Jeffries Wyman & Jacques Monod — Editor's Profile
• Tony Hunter — Editor's Profile
• Linus Pauling — Editor's Profile
• Christian Anfinsen — by Haein Lee
• Rodney Porter & Gerald Edelman — Editor's Profile
• Cyrus Levinthal — by Jack Clements
• Jane Dyson — by Kami Petrosillo
• Clifford Brangwynne & Anthony Hyman — Editor's Profile
• Arthur Horwich & Franz-Ulrich Hartl — Editor's Profile
• Susan Lindquist — Anonymous Student
• Stanley Prusiner — Editor's Profile
• Peter Walter — by Hilda Joseph
• Irwin Rose, Avram Hershko, & Aaron Ciechanover — Editor's Profile
• Brenda Schulman — Anonymous Student
• Rosalind Franklin — Editor's Profile
• Dorothy Hodgkin — by Carolyn Beckel
• Max Perutz & John Kendrew — Editor's Profile
• Michael Rossmann — Anonymous Student
• G. N. Ramachandran — Editor's Profile
• Olga Kennard — by Ignacio Lafuente Fernandez
• Richard Ernst — Anonymous Student
• Kurt Wüthrich — Editor's Profile
• Angela Gronenborn — by Gabriela Kobak
• Aaron Klug — Editor's Profile
• Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank, & Richard Henderson — Editor's Profile
• Helen Saibil — by Vincent Lee
• Wayne Hendrickson — by Jacob Kirshner
• David Blow — Anonymous Student
• Ada Yonath — Editor's Profile
• Jane Richardson — by Emily Lam
• David Goodsell — by Adhira Prasanna
• Martin Karplus — by Lauren Opin
• Klaus Schulten — by Anjali Potu
• William DeGrado — by Maicha Olaes
• David Baker, Demis Hassabis, & John Jumper — Editor's Profile
• Agnes Pockels — Anonymous Student
• S. Jonathan Singer & Garth Nicolson — Editor's Profile
• Vincent du Vigneaud — Editor's Profile
• Bernardo Houssay — Anonymous Student
• Solomon Berson & Rosalyn Sussman Yalow — Anonymous Student
• Roger Guillemin & Andrew Schally — Editor's Profile
• Masashi Yanagisawa — Anonymous Student
• Martin Rodbell & Alfred Gilman — Editor's Profile
• Robert J. Lefkowitz & Brian Kobilka — Editor's Profile
• Linda Buck — by Akshara Somu
• Jens Skou — Editor's Profile
• Christopher Miller — by Jai Sethi, with the Editors
• Roderick MacKinnon — Editor's Profile
• Peter Agre — Editor's Profile
• Earl Sutherland & Theodore Rall — Editor's Profile
• Setsuro Ebashi — Anonymous Student
• John Vane — by Daniel J Goldberg, with the Editors
• Sune Bergström & Bengt Ingemar Samuelsson — Editor's Profile
• Robert Furchgott, Louis Ignarro, Ferid Murad & Salvador Moncada — Editor's Profile
• Julius Axelrod — Editor's Profile
• Solomon Halbert Snyder — by Caroline Schnebly
• Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard, & Eric Kandel — Editor's Profile
• C. Ronald Kahn — Anonymous Student
• Jeffrey Friedman & Rudolph Leibel — Editor's Profile
• Steven Shoelson & Gökhan S. Hotamisligil — by Kerstin Quach and Aidita Sou
• Percy Julian — by Joshua VanDoornik
• Asima Chatterjee — by Ajal Upadhyaya
• Gertrude Elion — Editor's Profile
• George Hitchings — Editor's Profile
• James Black — by Sarina Parikh
• Tu Youyou — Anonymous Student
• Marvin Caruthers — Anonymous Student
• Brian Druker — by Ananya Sista
• George Smith — Anonymous Student
• K. Barry Sharpless, Morten Meldal & Carolyn Bertozzi — Editor's Profile
• Robert Bruce Merrifield — Editor's Profile
• Nikolai Anitschkow — Editor's Profile
• Konrad Emil Bloch — Anonymous Student
• Feodor Lynen — Editor's Profile
• Joseph Goldstein & Michael Brown — by Zachary Payne, with the Editors
• Akira Endo — by Lea Patel
• Alfred Alberts — Anonymous Student
• Pindaros Roy Vagelos — by Raiya Patel

Profiles that moved to the online Further Reading collection are credited there: Axel Brünger (Anonymous Student), Fumio Oosawa (Anonymous Student), Dagmar Ringe & Gregory Petsko (Anonymous Student), Jared P. Rutter (by Abigail Speth), Alan Fersht (by Elijah Ennin), David Eisenberg (Anonymous Student), and Ira Pastan & Boris Magasanik (Anonymous Student).

Christopher Deppmann, Ph.D., is a Professor of Biology at the University of Virginia, where he runs a research laboratory studying the developmental signaling of the peripheral nervous system and teaches BIOL 3030 Biochemistry to undergraduates each spring. His lab works on neurotrophin signaling, axon degeneration, and the molecular decisions that sculpt the nervous system. He designed and directed the Historical Lens Project that produced this book, wrote the editorial architecture, and supervised every pass of revision.

Abbie G. Oliver, Ph.D., is an Assistant Professor of Commerce at the McIntire School of Commerce at the University of Virginia. Her research sits at the intersection of organizational behavior and creativity. She served as co-editor of this book, shaping its editorial voice, advising on structure and tone across the eleven Parts, and providing the outside reader's eye that kept the collaborative project coherent.

Together, the editors are the parents of one small child, who appears in the dedication at the front of this book and for whom, in the end, it was written.